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12-Month Profit and Loss Projection
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April 16, 2024
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并不是每个小企业主都具备金融专业知识. If spreadsheets are not your strong suit, you may use a tool like QuickBooks to help, or delegate balancing the books to an accountant or bookkeeper.  But whether you take the DIY approach or hand off accounting duties, 牢牢掌握财务报表的基本原理是成功的关键. Here is a closer look at what financial statements are, why they matter, and what they can help you do.   

What Is a Financial Statement?  

财务报表是用来监控企业财务状况和评估其财务状况的财务报告. 贷款人和投资者在决定是否给你贷款或投资你的公司之前,希望看到你的公司的财务报表. But even if you aren’t seeking outside financing, 财务报表是帮助你掌握公司财务状况的重要工具, plan for the future, and spot potential problems.  

有三种财务报表共同构成了企业财务状况的完整图景:损益表, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. Here is a closer look at each.  

1.) Balance Sheet 

Your balance sheet is a snapshot of your business’s assets and liabilities 在特定的时间点,如月末、季末或年末. A balance sheet lists the following: 

  • Current assets (such as cash, accounts receivable, and inventory) 

  • 长期资产(如至少一年内不打算使用或转换为现金的储蓄或投资) 

  • 固定资产(如不打算出售的设备、建筑物或车辆) 

The balance sheet also lists: 

  • 流动负债(12个月内到期的债务,如应付帐款、贷款和税款)  

  • Long-term liabilities (debts due more than 12 months from now) 

  • 从你的负债中减去你的资产将显示你的所有者权益或净值. 这反映了你在公司的所有权百分比,或者如果你出售公司的资产并偿还债务,你将获得的利润.  

资产负债表提供了企业整体财务健康状况的快照. 投资者和贷款人通常需要一份资产负债表来帮助他们评估你的企业净值.  

See a balance sheet example.  

2.) Income Statement 

Also known as a profit and loss statement (P&L), 损益表记录企业在一个特定报告期间的收入和支出, typically a month, quarter, or year.  

损益表有两个主要部分:收入和费用.  

  • Revenues indicate how much your business earned over the period shown.  
  • 费用指的是你在这段时间内经营公司的花费.  
  • 从你的收入中减去你的费用得到你的净营业收入.  

对于一个简单的,一个人的业务,这可能是所有你需要包括. However, 你也可以通过将更多的信息合并到你的损益表中来更详细地了解你的业务状况. For example, you can: 

  • 将收入分成两部分:营业收入(销售产品或服务所得)和其他收入(其他活动所得), such as selling a piece of equipment) 

  • Include your cost of goods sold (COGS), 或者与生产和销售产品或服务相关的成本. 从你的收入中减去销货成本就是你的毛利率(或毛利)  

  • Include depreciation of fixed assets. 营业净收入减去折旧即为应税收入.  

Your income statement can help you spot changes in costs, revenues, and profitability so you can make informed business decisions. 例如,你可能认为你的生意做得很好,因为你的收入在增加. However, 如果你的损益表显示支出增长快于收入增长, 你可以通过减少开支使你的生意恢复到以前的利润水平, raising prices, or both.  

See an income statement example.  

 

3.) Cash Flow Statement 

现金流量表显示了在一个特定时期内你的企业有多少现金流入和流出. 大多数小企业的会计软件都可以根据你输入的数据在月末自动生成现金流量表. The cash flow statement lists: 

  • 收到的现金(通常分为经营现金、投资现金和融资现金) 
  • 支付的现金(用于支付工资、贷款、租金、存货和税收等费用) 

从你收到的现金中减去你支付的现金,就会显示出你在报表期末的现金总额.  

Running out of cash is the biggest reason small businesses fail. Consistently monitoring your cash flow can help ensure you always have enough cash on hand to pay your rent, employees, taxes, and other financial obligations.  

In addition to a cash flow statement, you should also create a 12- month cash flow projection, 哪个能预测你的现金收入和支出,并帮助你规划未来. 在每个月末将你的现金流量预测与你的实际现金流量表进行比较将帮助你发现趋势,这样你就可以更好地管理你的现金流量. For instance, you can accelerate cash inflows by invoicing promptly, 通过要求供应商提供60天或90天的付款期限来延迟现金流出.  

See a cash flow statement example

3 Financial Statements, One Goal 

Your business’s balance sheet, income statement, 现金流量表和现金流量表一起工作,为您提供企业财务状况的360度视图. 从你每月现金流的细节到你净资产的大局, 财务报表可以揭示你需要知道的一切,以便明智地管理你的企业财务,引导你的公司走向成功.  

SCORE has balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement templates you can use to track your business’s financials. Contact a SCORE business mentor for guidance by phone, email or in person.

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